Modern Society as a Reflection of the Picture of Dorian...

Traditional gothic fiction was at the height of its popularity during the Victorian era, it exploded in the 1790’s and continued its reign well into the 1800’s. This confrontational style of fiction often blurs the lines of realistic and artificial, forcing readers to challenge their beliefs and surpass the norm. However, the aspect of gothic fiction that was most attractive to the Victorian audience was the way human fears and societal tensions were reflected in the deliberately fictionalised literary works. Themes such as the human greed for immortality and eternal beauty that underlie key gothic texts such as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into†¦show more content†¦Dorian’s callous reaction to Sybil’s (his lover) suicide is corresponding to Voldemort’s detached feelings for his Death Eaters. With power such the immortality these two character s experience comes greed and self-glorification. Gray’s statement that he has â€Å"seen too much in life to†¦ shock easily† is a demonstration of this narcissistic outlook. Rowling has further authenticated Wilde’s Victorian text in her modern one by methodically paralleling many of the facets of the original character. The shared disfiguration of the characters physic because of their unnatural desire for immortality links both the past a present desires. Whilst Gary was â€Å"loathsome of visage,† Voldemort was similarly â€Å"the most terrible face.† Not only has Rowling used their physical devastation but she has also linked them through their shared use of an alter-ego style name. Gray’s influence over Sybil lead to the guise of â€Å"Prince Charming† whilst to a more extreme (and modernised) complete change of name is the persona of â€Å"Lord Voldemort†, both ‘immortals’ gave themselves unprecedented r oyal titles. Rowling’s clever dramatisation of the original Dorian Gray character has allowed for revolutionary use of â€Å"the land of fantasies†(5) in which Voldemort’s lust for immortality and inability toShow MoreRelatedModern Society As A Reflection Of The Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1432 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into modern culture. This text display cultural and literary disciplines entrenched in superficial concepts that have since become common in today’s shallow society. Contemporary texts such as the 2004 film The League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen (based on the comic book of the same name) directed by Stephen Norrington, not only visualise the character of Dorian Gray but alsoRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1544 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrity I find that it is inevitable to avoid being a part of some sort of controversy. At the height of Oscar Wilde’s career is where he found himself in just that. Although Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray is praised today, in the late 1800s it was seen by others as a negative shift in society and literature. In the film â€Å"Wilde†, after the release of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde’s wife Constance and his mother Jane have a conversation in regards to the novel that gives insight toRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1656 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian Era, although being known as the beginning of modern times, still embraced some radical views that today we would associate as prudishness and repression. In 1890, author Oscar Wilde wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray and submitted it to Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine. The magazine’s editor, J.M. Stoddert, immediately declined the novel and determined that it would offend the sensibilities of his readership (Wilde x ). It was believed that Oscar Wilde’s book contained explicit sexual, especiallyRead More Comparing the Myth in Ovid’s Echo and Narcissus and Wilde’s Dorian Gray3137 Words   |  13 PagesEcho and Narcissus and Wilde’s Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Each time a story is told, elements of the original are often changed to suit new situations and current societies, or to offer a new perspective. Over the centuries, Ovid’s tale of Echo and Narcissus has been told many times to new audiences, and in the late nineteenth-century, it took the form of The Picture of Dorian Gray. Echo and Narcissus is the tale of a beautiful boy who fell in love with his reflection in a pond, and spurned othersRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray 1823 Words   |  8 Pagespleasure is the most important aspect of life. In the picture of Dorian Gray, Aestheticism and Hedonism are very active philosophies used by the novel’s characters. Lord Henry influences Dorian to follow these teachings, and as a result Dorian becomes intensely vain and selfish. The portrait is in direct correlation with the immoral influence and the intense vanity. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde effectively uses the portrait of Dorian Gray as a sy mbol to satirize the adverse effects thatRead More Homosexuality in the Works of Oscar Wilde Essay3123 Words   |  13 PagesHomosexuality in Oscar Wildes Work      Ã‚  Ã‚   I turned half way around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself (7). During the Victorian era, this was a dangerous quote. The Victorian era was about progress. It was an attempt aimed at cleaning up the society and setting a moral standard. The Victorian eraRead MoreThe Monster Dorian Gray Essay2259 Words   |  10 PagesIn the Victorian era where vanity was the main attraction, Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray gave insight into the true horrors that came of this sinful nature. Wilde was a very controversial figure and he meant to stir the pot when he wrote this disputed story. He believed that literature was not only meant for the imagination, but for the moral mind as well. In The Picture of Dorian Gray he depicts the importance of becoming a well rounded individual and also explains himself. In oneRead MoreSocial Struggle : Mrs. Dalloway And The Picture Of Dorian Gray1439 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Struggle in Turn of the Century and Modern Narratives Throughout history there have been struggles in social relationships relating to class, race and sex. These struggles have been recorded in narratives such as Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Gene Luen Lang’s The Shadow Hero and Tate Taylor’s The Help throug ¬h the characters lifestyles, wealth/ lack thereof and behavior. Each of these authors, playwrights and artists give insightful portrayals ofRead MoreGothic Literature and Romantic Literature2607 Words   |  11 Pagesparallels that exist between Great Expectations and Wuthering Heights compared to Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray. In Picture of Dorian Gray, Gray deteriorates mentally. Dorian Gray is a man who is content with his appearance and stability in life. He is fascinated by his collection of foreign items. This collection of foreign items paints a picture of Gray’s fall into ruin. Gray starts his collection with exotic items that are ornate and interesting to look at. They are beautifulRead MoreGap Between Literary Gothic and Pornography1719 Words   |  7 Pages As a society, we are confronted daily with pornographic images, they feature in our newspapers, on our film screens, and even in our novels. This voyeuristic obsession the media holds has for a long time been desensitizing us to depictions of violence and sex, but has it also disabled us in being able to see the difference between what is carefully constructed satire and what is merely pornography? There is probably no text this discussion embraces more in modern gothic literature than that

Leadership - Decision Making & Ethics By Writers

Question: Effective leadership, decision making and ethical management are linked both in theory and in practice.How may leaders ensure organisational decisions are made ethically? Use examples to illustrate your argument from organisations with which you are familiar.. Answer: Introduction Leadership is all about creation of a vision, ensuring that the created vision is effectively communicated, living by values, influencing individual behaviour and making tough decisions as and when required(Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Effective communication, inherit charisma, positive attitude, motivation, problem solving and tough decision making are some of the characteristics that define an effective leader. Ethics and decision making is at the heart of leadership and its essential to ensure that they go hand in hand. An organisation that lacks values and ethics fails to build a culture where individuals can grow both professionally and personally. Leadership is not only associated with powers and authorities it also brings with it ethical burdens because while making ethical decisions it is important to ensure that leaders cast light not shadow (Bass Bass, 2009). In order to get an-depth understanding of ethics it is important to analyse the values of the organisation as a whole which include both its leaders as well as followers. Effective leaders and managers have clear understanding for their morals, values, ethical system and decision making. Ethical leaders are characterised by good character and integrity. This assignment conduct an in-depth analysis of the vital role played by leadership, ethics and decision making that help ensuring organisations achieve their desired goals and performance objective. Ethical leaders are responsible for created an ethical organisation which always tend to perform better because they have the capability to attract, maintain and retain right talent which is essential for performing right task at right time (Beerel, 2009). People are considered the most precious asset of an organisation and ethical leadership ensures that this asset is retained and continuously improved (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2012). This assignment studies the various aspects of leadership, ethics and decision making in relation to three leading organisations that have been voted among top ten ethical organisations of the world namely; Starbucks, McDonalds and Zappos. It shows how ethical leaders play a vital role in ensuring organisational decisions are made ethically. Howard Schultz, CEO Starbucks Trust, integrity, relationships and transparency are the four key elements of ethical leadership that lead to the creation of an ethical organisation (Bass Bass, 2009). It is based on six pillars of character namely; trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship (Adair, 2009). It is important to adhere to these six pillars of character in day-to- day decision making in order to ensure that an ethical workplace environment is created and employees are influenced to follow ethical values of the organisation. Ethical environment forms the base of a knowledge sharing culture that is characterised by creativity and innovation (Fisher Lovell, 2006). Starbucks founded in year 1971 is the worlds premier roaster and retailer of speciality coffee which today has around 21,000 stores in more than 35 countries (Starbucks, 2015). Starbucks is recognised worldwide for its high quality coffee and the global supply chain network that help them serve hot coffee to around 60 million people every week. Under the effective leadership of Howard Schultz Starbucks has achieved remarkably unmatched growth and brand recognition. Howard Schultz displays the use of transformational leadership style wherein he possesses high compassion and commitments towards his customers and employees equally (Gallo, 2013). Transformation leadership focuses on bring change by developing vision, communicating it, empowering people to innovate and take risks. According to this leadership style leaders cannot inspire other unless they are themselves inspired. Leadership is all about having a passion and sharing that passion whenever an opportunity arrives (Kelley, 200 7). According to the Ethisphere Institute Starbucks for the eighth year in a row has been recognised as the one of the worlds most ethical companies. Howard Schultz is the key force behind the development of an ethical culture within Starbucks. He has been awarded Stanley C. Pace Award for leadership in ethics in year 2013 by Ethics Resource Centre (Ethics Resource Center, 2014). Established in year 2000 The Pace Award was created to honour individuals that possessed unwavering integrity. He recognised worldwide for his effective leadership, tough decision making and ethical management. He is a practitioner of utilitarian theory of ethics wherein the consequence of an action decided whether the action is right or wrong. He exhibits moral vision and possess the abilities required to convert those visions into specific goals. Being an ethical leader his effective ethical management and decision making helped him develop a value-based organisation that delivers high quality products and services to customers, gives back the community and respects humanity. According to Starbucks values striving to do right things and conducting busin ess ethically are two important aspects of a successful organisation. Starbucks has a Business Ethics and Compliance program in place which help supporting its mission and protecting their culture and reputation in a way that they can provide their partners with enough resources so that they can make ethical decisions at work. One of the best example of Howard Schultz effective leadership, ethical management and decision making was his decision to urge his fellow American CEOs to stop donating money to politicians until they take up their responsibility and start running the government as a successful business (Gallo, 2013). He was the force behind the Create Jobs for USA program where customer donations were combined with loans provided from microlenders to provide financial helps to small businesses in America. His participative leadership style and ethical decision making not only enabled him achieve his career goals but also organisational goals. Jim Skinner, CEO McDonalds McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants with a global presence in 119 countries where they serve more than 68 million customers every day from their 35,000 outlets (McDonald's, 2015). Started in year 1948 the company in year 2012 has reported annual revenue of $27.5 billion. It is the worlds second largest private employer (Wal-Mart being the first) with 1.9 million employees including those working for franchises. McDonalds owes its remarkable success to its people. McDonalds has Jim Skinner as its Chief Executive Officer under whose leadership McDonalds has witnessed rapid growth and expansion. Jin Skinner displays the use of transactional leadership style which helped him manage a giant company like McDonalds while ensuring that all business processes are conducted in an ethical manner. Transactional leadership focuses on directing and motivating individuals by appealing to their own self-interest (Hood, 2007). It is based on give and t ake theory where clear performance expectations and goals are defined and rewards or punishments are decided based on achievement of targets. McDonalds is recognised as one of the worlds most ethical organisations and its CEO Jim Skinner has been honoured with awards like Most Respected CEO and Executive of the year. Jim Skinner has developed his leadership skills through years of hard work and industry experience. He possesses all the characteristics of an ethical leader and is recognised for his ethical decision making. He has made McDonalds a highly customer-oriented organisation that lives by its core values. As an ethical leader Jim Skinner has articulated and embodied the values and purpose of the organisation (Howell, 2012). His ethical management has helped him keep the interest of organisations stakeholders and community over self-interest. He is concerned about the growth and development of his employees and provide them ample opportunity to realise their full potential. He was the key decision maker behind the National Hiring Day program wherein 60,000 Americans were offered much-needed jobs. Jim Skinner was a practitioner of deontological theory of ethics wherein he adhered to his obligations and duties while making ethical decision. This ethical principle helped him ensure that customer needs are satisfied in the most effective manner whatever be the situation. His tough decision making has supported McDonalds overcome different challenges while serving the community. Jim Skinner through his ethical management helped ensuring that decisions at McDonalds are made in most ethical manner. Tony Hsieh, CEO Zappos Trust, integrity, relationships and transparency are the key elements of ethical leadership which is perfectly visible culture of Zappos which is created by its CEO Tony Hsieh. Started in year 1999 by Nick Swinmurn Zappos in year 2001 had quadrupled its yearly sales making it to $8.6 million. The company is based in Las Vegas, Nevada and is an online retailer of shows and clothes. Tony Hsieh is the key force behind the remarkable success if the company and development of an ethical culture with Zappos. Tony Hsieh is an excellent example of authentic leadership which is a relational process developed by leaders and followers. Authentic leadership comprises of leaders who know and understand themselves, are aware for their values and believes and lives by their values through honest and open communication with followers (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Authentic leaders use their good character to win trust and respect from their followers. Their ability to build credibility and ski ll to encourage and respect diverse viewpoints make them people leader (Fox, 2007). They can use both autocratic and participative leadership style as demanded by the situation. Primary focus of authentic leaders like Tony Hsieh is to foster collaborative and relation of trust with employees, customers, stakeholders and shareholders. Tony Hsieh through his effective leadership has not only been able to increase sales figures exponentially but has also developed an organisational culture that has secured Zappos a high position on the Best Companies to Work For list published by Fortune magazine every year (PennState, 2013). Tony Hsieh is recognised worldwide as the most successful CEO whose complete focus is on vision and not money. Ethics is all about deciding what is right and what is wrong (Keen, 2012). A number of ethical theories have been formulated owing to rapid evolution in ethics education. All ethical theories can be divided into two brand categories namely; teleological theories that are related to consequence of an action and deontological theories which are related to obligations and duties (Rezaee, 2009). Teleological theories further comprises of three ethical approached based on which consequences are viewed as ethical or not. Ethical egoism wherein leader is concerned about his own interest, utilitarianism wherein leader is concerned about his own interest as well as interest of large number of people and altruism where leader is ready to compromise his own interest in order meet the interest of other individuals (Murithi, 2009). Tony Hsieh is an example of altruism wherein he is always been ready to compromise his own interest in order to ensure that an ethical culture is retained within the o rganisation. He is a people-oriented leader who is greatly concerned about the growth and development of his employees and thus provides them ample opportunities to realise their full potential. It owes to his strong decision making skills and ethical management that Zappos today considered among some of the worlds most ethical organisations. As an effective leader his complete focus was to use all his powers associated with his position of a CEO to ensure that his entire employee, customers and other stakeholders are happy. He the founder of company named Delivering Happiness which help people identify their passion and convert them into profitable businesses. Zappos under the effective leadership, ethical management and tough decision making skills of Tony Hsieh is famous for an unmatched great employee culture that enable them deliver high quality customer service. Thus, Zappos is another example of an organisation where ethical leaders play a vital role in ensuring that decisions are made ethically. An organisation cannot succeed without four pillars of leadership, ethics, people and decision making. Effective leaders must ensure that all these four success elements are in place and work effectively to achieve desired goals and objectives. Conclusion Ethical behaviour within an organisation cannot be promoted by implementing any ideal solution rather it is only possible by continuous positive approach by its ethical leaders. Ethical behaviour is developed when they are practised by leaders and modelled by their followers. It is important to ensure that ethical decision making is adequately rewarded and acknowledged. Ethical leadership focuses on leading employees based on trust and respect so that good relationships are developed. They are not only concerned about the growth of the organisation but about the growth of the organisation as a whole. It is important to ensure that ethical leaders live by the values they wish to communicate. Howard Schultz, CEO Starbucks; Jim Skinner CEO McDonalds and Tony Hsieh, CEO Zappos are some of the best examples of ethical leaders who not only had the power to live by ethical values but also the inherit charisma to influence their followers to live by ethical values shown by them. They have not only enabled their respective organisations achieve remarkable success and emerge as market leaders in their respective industry of business but have also ensured that they perform their duties most ethically towards their customer, employees and the society they live in. They have ensured that all their decisions are made keeping the interest of their stakeholders and community in mind. These leaders possess all the characteristics displayed by ethical leaders and thus serve as an example for other leaders and their actions are followed by other world leaders. Effective leadership, ethics and ability to make tough decisions have enabled them create an organisational culture that itself serve as a competitive advantage against rivals and help them retain their market position. References Adair, J. (2009). Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Stephens, T. (2005). A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bass, B. M., Bass, R. (2009). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Beerel, A. (2009). Leadership and Change Management. London: Sage. Ethics Resource Center. (2014). Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz Receives Pace Award For Leadership In Ethics. Retrieved 2015, from Ethics Resource Center: https://www.ethics.org/news/starbucks-ceo-howard-schultz-receives-pace-award-leadership-ethics Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell. (2012). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases. New York: Cengage Learning. Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values. Essex: Pearson Eductaion Limited. Fox, W. (2007). Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Gallo, C. (2013). What Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz Taught Me About Communication And Success. Retrieved 2015, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2013/12/19/what-starbucks-ceo-howard-schultz-taught-me-about-communication-and-success/ Hellriegel, D., John W. Slocum, J. (2011). Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Hood, J. D. (2007). Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles: An Exploratory Investigation of Traditional and Nontraditional Student Perceptions. MI: ProQuest. Howell, J. P. (2012). Snapshots of Great Leadership. New Jersey: Routledge. Keen, B. (2012). Applied Business Ethics: Power Living Through the Truth. Bloomington: iUniverse. Kelley, K. M. (2007). Organizational Culture's Affect on Ethical Decision-making. New York: Saint Louis University. McDonald's. (2015). About Us. Retrieved 2015, from https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome.html Murithi, T. (2009). The ethics of peacebuilding. Oxford: Edinburgh University Press. PennState. (2013). The Real Deal: Tony Hsieh as an Authentic Leader. Retrieved 2015, from PennState: https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/2013/07/23/the-real-deal-tony-hsieh-as-an-authentic-leader/ Rezaee, Z. (2009). Corporate Governance and Ethics. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Starbucks. (2015). Our Heritage. Retrieved 2015, from https://www.starbucks.com/about-us/our-heritage Waluchow, W. J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. London: Broadview Press.

Phases of a Computer Attack free essay sample

Reconnaissance uses a variety of sources to learn as much as possible about the target business and how it operates, including †¢Internet searches †¢Dumpster diving †¢Domain name management/search services †¢Non-intrusive network scanning †¢Social engineering Phase 2 Scanning Once you have enough information to understand how the target works and what information of value might be available, you begin the process of scanning perimeter and internal network devices looking for weaknesses, including †¢Open ports †¢Open services †¢Make and model of each piece of LAN/WAN equipment †¢Vulnerable applications, including operating systems †¢Weak protection of data in transit Phase 3 Gaining Access Gaining access to resources is the whole point of a modern-day attack. The usual goal is to either extract information of value to you or use the network as a launch site for attacks against other targets. In either situation, you must gain some level of access to one or more network devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Phases of a Computer Attack or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Phase 4 Maintaining Access Having gained access, you must maintain access long enough to accomplish your objectives. Although you have reached this phase has successfully circumvented their security controls, this phase can increase your vulnerability to detection. Phase 5 – Covering Tracks After achieving your objectives, you typically takes steps to hide the intrusion and possible controls left behind for future visits. Again, in addition to anti-malware, personal firewalls, and host-based IPS solutions, deny business users local administrator access to desktops. Alert on any unusual activity, any activity not expected based on your knowledge of how the business works. To make this work, the security and network teams must have at least as much knowledge of the network as the attacker has obtained during the attack process.

Dick Cheney †American Vice President

Dick Cheney – American Vice President Free Online Research Papers The role of the Vice president is currently evolving. Until recently, the position of Vice president was seen as ceremonial and as a whole useless. The Founding Fathers saw the position of Vice president mainly as the President of the Senate. The Vice presidency does not have a place; it is part of the legislative and executive branch. The Vice president may or may not have much influence. Judging by history, most have not been vital in the president’s administration. Harry Truman, while serving as Vice president, only saw Roosevelt eight times during his presidency (Kengor 2000, 175). But this situation is not common anymore, because the Vice president’s role is expanding. The Vice president is mentioned but a few times in the Constitution and only once does it define his/her job. Article 1, Section 3 addresses the Vice president’s role as president of the Senate and his duty to vote only where there is a tie. Other parts of the Constitution mention the vice president’s role as successor to the President and the positions requirement to be separately elected from the President. So overall, except for the Vice presidents role in the Senate, nothing is truly defined. In the past this has limited the Vice president; but now, in the times of the modern presidency, it has enabled the office to cross between the executive and legislative branch and take on more responsibilities. The increased role of the Vice president started when Truman took office and was unprepared, and this was during World War II. Nixon saw a larger role under Eisenhower because he was the first vice president to preside over NSC and Cabinet meetings in the president’s absence. Real change started during Carter’s term and his Vice president Walter Mondale. Mondale became the first vice president with an office in the West Wing. This was a big step because every vice president up until Kennedy’s presidency did not even have an office in the executive building (Kengor 177). Now in George W. Bush’s second term, Dick Cheney’s role and influence is greater than vice presidents before him. Cheney’s role should be compared to vice presidents of recent history like: Rockefeller, Mondale, Bush, Quayle, and Gore. Nelson Rockefeller was promised a lot of domestic influence but that proved to be wishful thinking. After a few months, Ford’s staff pushed Rockefeller away from the inner circle (Light 1983-1984, 623). Light states that Rockefeller fell behind from his lengthy confirmation process, his rejection of an office in the executive building, and was not there to form relationships within the White House (623). Ford appointed Rockefeller as chairman of the Commission on Central Intelligence Agency and vice-chairmanship of the Domestic Council. These were nice titles, but consumed a lot of Rockefeller’s time and took away from his influence (Light 624). He also faced competition from Chief of Staff, Rumsfeld. On top of that, Rockefeller was open with his opinion so people saw when President Ford took other directions, and thus showed him as a loser in gaining influence (Light 626). Though Ford had a good personal relationship with Rockefeller, Ford’s staff kept Rockefell er from gaining influence, and Ford and Rockefeller also differed in what policy to attack (Light 628). But he did meet with Ford at least once a week. Rockefeller also did ceremonial foreign travel to Saudi Arabia and other countries. Rockefeller was dropped from the ticket in the next election from his unsuccessful time as a vice president. Walter Mondale had a different time as vice president than Rockefeller. From the start Mondale was not four months late like Rockefeller and he also refused appointments on commissions unlike Rockefeller. Carter allowed Mondale to help him in picking the Cabinet. Unlike Rockefeller, Mondale liked to keep a low profile to hide his influence (Light 628). Mondale and his staff had experience in Washington which helped them gain influence with a President who was a governor from Georgia. Mondale helped gain support for Carter’s legislative agenda (Light 634). No one in the Carter staff knew how to handle Congress so they looked to Mondale’s staff (Light 636). Mondale also set priorities in his policy he tried to push. He picked and chose times so he could be successful (Light 637). Mondale’s big victories were setting electoral reform and the Department of Education as priorities. Concerning foreign policy, Mondale had little or no influence. His adviser was a deputy to the national security adviser. Overall, Mondale was better prepared to be vice president by coming in with a strategy, staying hidden, and knowing when to push his policies. Dan Quayle had a different experience as vice president than those before and after him. He was the chairman of the National Space Council and the Council on Competitiveness. The latter was a council on limiting regulation on the environment and businesses. This was the main issue Quayle worked on. As far as foreign policy is concerned, Quayle served a role much like traditional vice presidents. During the Gulf crisis he acted as a spokesman, took tips abroad, and attacked critics of the President’s strategy in the Gulf (Kengor 2000, 175). Vice president Quayle did experience some success in lobbying Venezuela to increase oil production and getting Brazil and Argentina to stop giving missile technology to Iraq (Kengor 176). But a major problem of Quayle’s in foreign policy was George Bush. Bush’s strength and of his staff was foreign policy. It was hard to fill in a gap in the administration. Quayle did not have much influence on policy and thus his time as vice president looked much like Rockefeller’s. Al Gore completely evolved the job of vice president. He became very involved in foreign policy. For one, Gore met with Secretary of State Warren Christopher every Friday to discuss foreign policy (Kengor 177). Gore was able to influence foreign policy decisions with access to NSA meetings. He became an important spokesman with Russia because he established a solid relationship with Russia’s Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. Gore also met with Kazakhstan’s Prime Minister Nursultan Nazabayev to discuss arms control and non-proliferation (Kengor 178). Gore also had a lot of influence in acting against Slobodan Milosevic. Gore was a strong supporter of the Kyoto Treaty as well as other environmental programs that died in Congress. Gore also broke a tie in the Senate to pass economic reform proposed by Clinton in 1993. In a debate on NAFTA verse Ross Perot, Gore helped win public and Congressional support of the issue. Gore served as chair of the Crime Prevention Council. And Gore also had to show support of President Clinton during the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Overall, Al Gore had influence in foreign and domestic policy matters incomparable to any other vice president before him. Dick Cheney became the 46th vice president of the United States after Al Gore. Dick Cheney came into this position with a lot of political experience. He was Chief of Staff for Ford, Defense Secretary for Bush 41, and served in the House of Representatives including time as the Minority Whip. He has seen the government from different angles. Foreign policy is an area where Cheney has experienced great influence. Douglas Brinkley, a presidential historian at the University of New Orleans says, â€Å"He [Cheney] is the vortex in the White House in foreign policymaking. Everything comes through him,† (Slavin 2002, USA Today). Some say that his influence exceeds that of Henry Kissinger (Rothkopf 2006, Washington Post). Cheney has an ally in Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, because their relationship dates back to when they served under Ford and they possess similar ideals on foreign policy. Cheney is the main influence on Bush and his actions in Iraq and the war on terrorism. He was one of the main supporters to attack Iraq without support from allies like France and Germany. Unlike most Vice presidents, Cheney doesn’t do much foreign travel as a spokesman for the president or ceremonial visits. By the end of 2003, Cheney had only been overseas to do a tour of Iraq before the war (Hitt 2003, WSJ). As a whole, Chen ey’s influence rivals and exceeds the influence of Secretaries of State Powell [former] and Rice. A strong source of Cheney’s influence comes from his relationship with Congress. He is seen as a whip or lobbyist for the President. He was seen as a central player on tax cuts, a new Medicare prescription-drug benefit and a pending national energy bill. Cheney’s support was crucial in eliminating the estate tax and reducing taxes on dividends (Nather 2004, CQ Weekly). Not only does Cheney have an office in the White House, Executive Building, and Senate, but one in the House as well. This gives him greater access to all members of Congress. Members of Congress trust him because of his time as a Representative from Wyoming. Republican senators saw Cheney as their 51st member when party lines were 50-50 in the Senate (Carney 2001, Time). He has broken ties in Senate six times so far. On top of that, some Republicans do not consider him the President of the Senate, but as a line to the president to make lasting deals (Cochran 2003, CQ Weekly). Cheney has pulled power fro m the legislative branch to the executive branch (Hitt 2003, WSJ). Access to the president largely affects a vice president’s role in the White House. Rockefeller had little access to Ford, but Gore did not have as hard of a time. â€Å"Gore had to ask for his lunch and fight to keep it on Clinton’s schedule,† says James Carney of Time (2001 Time). Cheney spends two-thirds of his workday with Bush discussing all types of policies, which is a huge increase over all past vice-presidents access (Carney 2001, Time). â€Å"Even Cheney’s staff has had access. Cheney’s chief of staff and national security adviser, I. Lewis â€Å"Scooter† Libby, enjoyed the same protocol rank as the president’s national security adviser,† (Rothkopf 2006, Washington Post). Libby also held the title as special assistant to the president, which began with Clinton and Gore. Cheney’s staff is integrated into policymaking which is unique in history (Hitt, 2003 WSJ). Carney says that not only does Cheney not leave â₠¬Å"the loop† but he even was allowed to put allies as head of the Treasury and Defense departments (2001, Time). Cheney has access not equaled by other vice presidents. Another strategy Cheney uses, which Mondale took advantage of as well, is staying behind the scenes. â€Å"Cheney listens more than he talks,† states Cochran (2003, CQ Weekly). He likes to be involved but does not want the public to see this. This helps keep him in â€Å"the loop† and also does not undermine the president’s image towards the public. He has been seen slipping out of a room before photographers have shown up (Hitt, 2003 WSJ). Cheney likes to save his advice and comments for private meetings with President Bush (Slavin, 2002 USA Today). By staying out of the limelight Cheney can privately meet with the president and have a lot more access which let his ideas or concerns have less competition with other advisers. Cheney has had battles over his role in the White House. He was appointed to lead an energy policy task force in 2001 named the National Energy Policy Development Group. The General Accounting Office sued him because they wanted to look at documents on the commission, but Cheney said no by stating executive privilege. It was seen as a struggle of power between the legislative and executive branches. The GAO wanted to know who was involved in the task force, who was consulted, and how much did the work of the group cost (Palmer, 2001 CQ Weekly). Cheney claimed that the ability of the executive branch to govern depends on confidentiality. Clinton lost conflicts similar to this regarding his Secret Service agents testifying and his wife Hillary’s commission on health-care. Congress won in both cases. Cheney’s case went to the Supreme Court but the respondents were Judicial Watch and the Sierra Club, and not GAO. Specifically, these groups were concerned over non-federal em ployees like special interest lobbyists were attending and participating in meetings of the task force (Supreme Court Cases). According to the respondents, Cheney was in violation of the procedural and disclosure requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act. Cheney lost the case and the group had to open up their documents to Congress. Cheney may have lost, but by trying to invoke executive privilege Cheney has shown the power he can wield. Cheney has encountered controversy unlike other recent vice presidents. His chief of staff I. Lewis Libby has been indicted for perjury, obstruction, and false statements. Some see this as targeting Cheney himself along with Libby (Fineman 2005, Newsweek). Craig Crawford of CQ Weekly says that Cheney, as a right-hand man, is losing his right-hand man (2005 CQ Weekly). As a result of this problem Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has gained influence in foreign policy (Fineman 2005, Newsweek). Because of the Libby indictment, Susan Page of USA Today says that Cheney is not as effective with Congress as he once was (USA Today 2005). The indictment has hurt Cheney’s image with the public and with others in government. Dick Cheney has and does perform tasks of traditional vice presidents. He acts as a spokesman for the administration and their policy and this is a role that is not new to past vice presidents. Since Cheney states he will not pursue the presidency after his time as vice president, it enables him to be more useful to President Bush. Page believes his lack of political ambition has allowed him to be more loyal and thus allowed President Bush to trust him more. He cannot be a future rival. â€Å"In the past few weeks, Cheney has taken on his office’s traditional attack-dog role: denouncing the administrations critics in language more strident than anything the president uses,† Page goes on to say (USA Today 2005). He can also help the president by keeping some of the criticism away from President Bush states Republican Strategist Charlie Black (Page 2005, USA Today). He attracts criticism and thus shields the president from it. The President trusts Cheney and it improves t heir relationship while moving towards goals. Cheney’s retirement after this term also enhanced his ability to act more like a traditional vice president. A senior White House official says that Dick Cheney is enabled because he does not have a constituency within the bureaucracy (Slavin 2002, USA Today). This is provided by the vagueness of the job description in the Constitution. The vice president can now fill roles not specified by the Constitution, but certainly not prohibited by it. The level of influence though in the end is decided by the president because he chooses the role of the vice president. Carter gave a larger role to Mondale just by giving him an office in the West Wing. Clinton allowed access to Gore and thus Gore gained a larger role. President Bush has needed Cheney’s expertise from his time serving in Washington and his knowledge on Iraq from his time as Secretary of Defense. The president chose Cheney to help him and Cheney as a result has been called an â€Å"adviser-in-chief† (Grier 2001, Christian Science Monitor). Joel Goldstein, a law professor at St. Louis University, says that Cheney has lapp ed Gore in involvement. Cheney’s experience, trust from President Bush, and knowledge on a range of policies has provided him influence in the White House. Cheney has seen a role unlike any other vice president in history, so it will be interesting to see how the controversy around him affects the rest of his time in office. Carney, James. John F. Dickerson, Karen Tumulty, and Douglas Waller. â€Å"’Big Time’ Punches† Time, February 12, 2001, 56-59. Cheney, Richard. Interview by Tim Russert. Meet the Press. NBC, 9 December 2001. whitehouse.gov (accessed May 5, 2006). Cheney, Richard. 2002. â€Å"Vice President Discusses the President’s Economic Security Agenda,† Office of the Press Secretary. whitehouse.gov (accessed May 5, 2006). Cochran, John. â€Å"GOP Turns to Cheney To Get Job Done† CQ Weekly, May 31, 2003, 1306. Constitution of the United States Crawford, Craig. â€Å"Craig Crawford’s 1600: Unmaking the Vice President† CQ Weekly, October 31, 2005, 2938. Finneman, Howard, Richard Wolffe, and Holly Bailey. â€Å"Flying Blind† Newsweek, November 7, 2005, 32-35. Grier, Peter; Dante Chinni, and Gail Russel Chaddock. 2001. â€Å"Cheney’s Vice-Presidential Load is Heaviest Yet† Christian Science Monitor 93: 1. Hitt, Greg. â€Å"Out of Sight, Cheney Is Power; Vice President Wields Extensive Influence, but Avoids Public Eye† Wall Street Journal, December 9, 2003, Politics and Policy, Easter Edition. Kengor, Paul, 2000. â€Å"The Vice President, Secretary of State, and Foreign Policy† Political Science Quarterly 115: 175-199. Kitfield, James. â€Å"Cheney as No. 2: Loyal, Trusted, Influential† National Journal 32 (2000): 3395. Light, Paul. 1983-1984. â€Å"Vice-Presidential Influence under Rockefeller and Mondale† Political Science Quarterly 98: 617-640. Nather, David. â€Å"Dick Cheney: Straddling Two Branches† CQ Weekly, August 28, 2004, 1956-?. Page, Susan. â€Å"White House problems stick to the ‘Velcro Veep’† USA Today, December 5, 2005, News. Palmer, Elizabeth A. â€Å"Dispute Over Cheney Documents Champing Up as Significant Test of Executive Privilege† CQ Weekly, August 11, 2001, 1985. Rothkopf, David J. â€Å"Look Who’s Running the World Now† The Washington Post, March 12, 2006, Outlook, Final Edition. Slavin, Barbara and Page, Susan. â€Å"Cheney is power hitter in White House lineup† USA Today, July 29, 2002, News. Supreme Court: Cheney, Vice president of the United States, et al. v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia et al.: certiorari to the United States court of appeals for the district of Columbia circuit, No. 03-475 (24 June 2004). â€Å"The other president† Economist, September 4, 2004, 36. 2005 â€Å"Vice President Cheney Applauds Strengthened Presidential Powers† The American Journal of International Law 99: 492-493. Walsh, Kenneth T, Brush, Silla, Kass, Jeff, Omestad, Thomas, Chapman, Carol Flake. â€Å"The Cheney Factor† U.S. News World Report, January 23, 2006, 40-48. Research Papers on Dick Cheney - American Vice PresidentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperBringing Democracy to AfricaUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction - Essay Example With this the signal is converted into a form which is compatible with the system. For analog form, A/D converter is used for the transmission of the signal, and for digital form, such a block is not required if data already exists in the digital form (Bagad and Dhotre, 2009, p.4-26). PCM – PCM or pulse-code modulation is a method based on digital encoding and are effectively used in optical fibre communications. The baseband video signal in the system is quantified and sampled. There is a series of bits that encodes the sample. The light is put on and off using binary signals. The bandwidth is required to be enhanced over the baseband method for its use. This is a good choice for optical communications, particularly when laser diode has to be utilized owing to presence of inherent nonlinearity in the source of the optics (Bandyopadhyay, 2014, p.314). PPM – PPM or pulse position modulation is used for optical communications where the code scheme involves a bit time divided into two slots. Data can either be 1 or 0. If it is 1, the pulse gets transmitted in the first bit time slot. If the data is 0, then the pulse gets generated in the second slot of the bit time. Expansion of PPM is also possible and proves to be efficient for optical communications (Alexander, 1997, p.228). Digital PPM – PPM can also be used digital transmission of information based on optical communications. It is also referred to as differential pulse position modulation. It is a variation of the PPM coding, which can transmit data irrespective of the presence of time. If delays occur in the transmission, they take reference from falling edge of the pulse that was earlier transmitted (Lazaridis, 2011). Multiple PPM and Dicode PPM – Dicode PPM and Multiple PPM are considered as the most efficient bandwidths for optical communications. The best forms of sensitivities are offered by these PPM without causing the large bandwidth of the system to increase.

How the Role of the Organizational Trainer Has Changed in the Last Ten Essay

How the Role of the Organizational Trainer Has Changed in the Last Ten Years - Essay Example hanging working practices and a highly competitive business environment has called upon most organizations to hire employees who can handle these (Stwart, et al, 2005, p. 357; Hodson and Sullivan, 2007, p. 221; Holman, 2005, p. 1; Verburg, 2005, p. 50). Some skills, structure of knowledge, and working practices have been termed as irrelevant. Due to the significance that change comes with, there is therefore a great need for organizational trainers to live up to the challenge of helping people to not only unlearn some of the redundant skills, but also to acquire and relearn new ones. This is part of what has made the role of the Human resource Development to change from training to development. Therefore, the role of an organizational trainer (Human Resource Development) has changed in a number of ways. First, there is a rising interest being developed among organizational trainers in labor aspects such as long-term unemployment, inadequate skills, and equivalent opportunities. Secon dly, they are faced with the task of raising awareness on the significance of training, and continue with spreading the concept that, in the long run, it is the development of the labor skills and the learning culture that an economy’s long-term competitive performance and its enterprises are based on. Thirdly, the trainer is preoccupied with the role of coming up with nation-wide training techniques that should be determined by people, investors and national competencies. Fourth, there is the establishment of corporate mechanisms that should be determined by core activities leading to the development of non-core services such as instruction and consultancy. Fifth, the trainer should take part in organizational restructuring that include decentralization, empowering senior operating... Apart from accepting their position in organizations, trainers had a strong belief in the value of their training and were eager to invest in it. A trainee’s evolving career depended on the trainer’s finite range of knowledge and skills backed by wide experience. The provision of this early training set a pace for long-term professionalism such that, once people were trained, they were expected to exercise the contents of the training throughout their career lifetime. There was no room for more investment in training. These conventional views have been overtaken by time due to the change that has come with the twenty-first century. This change has not only made most organizations to cope with it, but has also caused individuals to affirm the fact that with time, their training becomes obsolete. New technology, changing working practices and a highly competitive business environment has called upon most organizations to hire employees who can handle these (Stwart, et al, 2005, p. 357; Hodson and Sullivan, 2007, p. 221; Holman, 2005, p. 1; Verburg, 2005, p. 50). Some skills, structure of knowledge, and working practices have been termed as irrelevant. Due to the significance that change comes with, there is, therefore, a great need for organizational trainers to live up to the challenge of helping people to not only unlearn some of the redundant skills, but also to acquire and relearn new ones. This is part of what has made the role of the Human Resource Development to change from training to development.

Culture and Communication Essay Example for Free

Culture and Communication Essay The above figures show how different populations are spread in different countries all over the world. It implies that whenever we visit one country, we have to talk in a language that we shall be able to break communication barrier with our hosts. However, it has not been easy to break the cultural barrier between different communities. This is despite the fact that culture has appeared to be dynamic and changing with especially the changing technology. It has thus to be understood that cultural barrier is more than language barrier and if not carefully handled, the cultural barrier can provoke reactions that are negative and cause emotional reactions to the parties involved (Novinger, 2008). We need to understand that whatever that is taken to be of good behavior in one culture might actually be rudeness to others’ culture. You might also get that in one culture, there are issues that are very sensitive, but in actually sense, you don’t see them to be of any consequence in your own culture. This means that we need to understand the culture of the people we are in frequent communication with, so that we can speak the same culture rather than just speaking the same language (Gerry Wilson, n. d). It is important to note that although there are various reservations given about the world of communication, there is need for having some good communication so that we carry on our culture, or else, the chances of such culture surviving might be minimal. Effect of culture on communication It is very difficult to discover the cultural inclination that is involved in communication by one person of a different culture to another. â€Å"The extend to which culture affects communication between people from different cultural groups is a function of the dissimilarity between the cultures, rules, or self concepts,† (Cushman Cahn, 1984 pp 136). Culture is an important socialization aspect that can influence how we relate to other people and objects around us. The different in communication among people from different cultures comes from the uniqueness of the socialization process each has undergone. â€Å"Communication specialists estimate that some two-thirds to three-fourths of our communication take place nonverbally through behavior. Behavior itself is learned from our culture and all behavior communicates,† (Novinger, 2008 para 2). It is not possible to stop one from behaving in a certain way, and yet it is not possible to stop communicating. This means that at all time, we are constantly communicating in a behavior instilled in us by our culture. It is a common phenomenon for us to assume that our culture naturally shows how we are supposed to do things. In this aspect, we tend to look down upon other cultures as being less evolved. One might meet a person from one culture which might make them feel irritated by the fact that such a person might not be cooperative or might appear to be rude. It causes a lot of frustration when you find that a person you are having a conversation with is actually not getting what you are trying to put across. This might appear to you to be very simple, yet to the other partner, it is something that is complicated and new. It mostly depends on how the other party perceives issues altogether which might be completely different from your line of view. In this case, unless you see how the other person is perceiving the same information you are looking at, it will be very difficult to have a meaningful communication (LeBaron, 2003). In most instances, we have also assumed that our actions are governed by the free will. This is however not true since our culture is concerned with imposing certain rules unto us on the way we need to behave immediately we are born. Some common things that are leant at a tender age are when to talk and when not to talk, the gestures that are acceptable and the ones that are not, and we do also learn several table manners. In general, we learn on how to communicate with people in a manner that is totally acceptable to our culture. As Novinger (2008) argues, these communicative behaviors have some consequences, because as this â€Å"behavior is learned so well, it sinks to a subconscious level, so that when we interact with others, we operate on a sort of automatic pilot,† (para 4). While communicating to another person, it is rare to take note of whatever comes up during the communication which we consider to be normal. It is only the behavior that deviates from our cultural way of behaving that usually captures our attention much. In most instances, we take offence when such cases arise. We thus need to understand that the different way we perceive things from one culture does not necessarily mean that the other culture has a defect because of the perception they have on the same issue (Hauben, 1996). For instance, â€Å"Contrary to US culture, silence does not mean acceptance in other cultures,† (Sathyanarayan, n. d para 3). This means that there can appear some communication barrier in a meeting when one party has not understood anything and keeps quite. The other party may assume that by keeping quite, the other has fully understood what they were discussing, only to note that nothing has been put forward. This can be very frustrating especially if it is in a business entity and it might lead to a big loss to the business organization. In some instances, if the business or a project had a set deadline, a person will try to meet the deadline so as it does not appear like a case of disrespectful, yet in essence they are not sure of what is supposed to be done. This is usually common in relations that are still new. Another common cultural issue that can bring about communication barrier is that in some cultures, when in a meeting with high ranking officials, it is not good for members to give any contrary views. This means that despite the fact that a member might be having a certain pressing and important point but it is contrary to what the seniors are saying they might just keep quite. Therefore, a person from a different culture might be in problem understanding what is going on if they are in that kind of a meeting. In conclusions, we can say that it is easy to learn another person’s language to ease communication, but it is not enough, as there are a lot to be told by the culture which is usually portrayed in non verbal communication. Since culture is becoming very much dynamic, we can actually be able to learn the cultures of those we are constantly in touch with so that we can completely break the communication barrier. Reference: Cushman D P Cahn D. D (1984): Communication in Interpersonal Relationships ISBN: 0873959094; SUNY Press Gerry Wilson E (n. d): Communication and Culture, retrieved on 18th June 2008 from http://jmm. aaa. net. au/articles/85. htm Hauben M (1996): Culture and Communication, retrieved on 18th June 2008 from http://www. columbia. edu/~hauben/CS/usenet-culture. txt LeBaron M (2003): Culture and Conflict, retrieved on 18th June 2008 from http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/culture_conflict/ Sathyanarayan M. M (n. d): Managing Offshore Projects: How Culture Affects Communications and Deliverables, retrieved on 18th June 2008 from http://www. offshoringsuccess. com/offshore_hcacd. html The University of the South Pacific Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (n. d): Sample ELSE Test Questions, retrieved on 18th June 2008 from http://www. usp. ac. fj/fileadmin/files/academic/students/elsa_sample. pdf